References

Citation Index

All 21 citations used across this site are listed below with full bibliographic data, DOI, and PubMed/PMC URL where available. All outbound links point to primary sources: PubMed, PubMed Central, journal publisher pages, ClinicalTrials.gov, and ResearchGate.

1. 01
   Staresinic M, Sebecic B, Patrlj L, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2003;21(6):976-983. DOI 10.1016/S0736-0266(03)00110-4 ↗

   established rat J Orthop Res 2003
2. 02
   Chang CH, Tsai WC, Hsu YH, Pang JHS. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Enhances the Growth Hormone Receptor Expression in Tendon Fibroblasts. Molecules. 2014;19(11):19066-19077. PMID: 25415472. PMC6271067 ↗

   established rat (cell culture) Molecules 2014
3. 03
   Cerovecki T, Bojanic I, Brcic L, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (PL 14736) improves ligament healing in the rat. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2010;28(9):1155-1161. PMID: 20225319. DOI 10.1002/jor.21107 ↗

   established rat J Orthop Res 2010
4. 04
   Seiwerth S, Rucman R, Turkovic B, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021;12:627533. PMID: 34267654. PMC8275860 ↗

   established rat; pig Front Pharmacol 2021
5. 05
   Novinscak T, Brcic L, Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as an effective therapy for muscle crush injury in the rat. Surgery Today. 2008;38(8):716-725. PMID: 18668315. PubMed 18668315 ↗

   preclinical only rat Surgery Today 2008
6. 06
   Sebecic B, Nikolic V, Sikiric P, et al. Osteogenic effect of a gastric pentadecapeptide, BPC-157, on the healing of segmental bone defect in rabbits: a comparison with bone marrow and autologous cortical bone implantation. Bone. 1999;24(3):195-202. PMID: 10071911. PubMed 10071911 ↗

   preclinical only rabbit Bone 1999
7. 07
   Brcic L, Brcic I, Staresinic M, et al. Modulatory effect of gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on angiogenesis in muscle and tendon healing. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2009;60 Suppl 7:191-196. PMID: 20388964. PubMed 20388964 ↗

   established rat J Physiol Pharmacol 2009
8. 08
   Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, et al. Cytoprotective gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 resolves major vessel occlusion disturbances, ischemia-reperfusion injury following Pringle maneuver, and Budd-Chiari syndrome. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2022;28(1):23-45. PMID: 35125818. PMC8793015 ↗

   preclinical only rat WJG 2022
9. 09
   Sikiric P, Boban Blagaic A, Strbe S, et al. The Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Pleiotropic Beneficial Activity and Its Possible Relations with Neurotransmitter Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024;17(4):461. PMID: 38675421. PubMed 38675421 ↗

   preclinical only rat; mouse Pharmaceuticals 2024
10. 10
    Sikiric P, Boban Blagaic A, Strbe S, et al. The Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Pleiotropic Beneficial Activity and Its Possible Relations with Neurotransmitter Activity [serotonin findings]. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024;17(4):461. PMID: 38675421. PubMed 38675421 ↗

    preclinical only rat Pharmaceuticals 2024
11. 11
    He L, Feng D, Guo H, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogs. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022;13:1026182. PMID: 36588717. PMC9794587 ↗

    established rat; beagle dog Front Pharmacol 2022
12. 12
    Tepes M, Vrdoljak B, Petrovic I, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy: Effect on Reperfusion Following Maintained Intra-Abdominal Hypertension (Grade III and IV) in Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16(11):1554. PMID: 38004420. PMC10675657 ↗

    preclinical only rat Pharmaceuticals 2023
13. 13
    Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Skrtic A, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as a Therapy and Safety Key: A Special Beneficial Pleiotropic Effect Controlling and Modulating Angiogenesis and the NO-System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025;18(6):928. PMC12195719 ↗

    established rat Pharmaceuticals 2025
14. 14
    Lee E, Burgess K. Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2025. PMID: 40131143. PubMed 40131143 ↗

    human pilot human (n=2) Alt Ther Health Med 2025
15. 15
    Lee E, Walker C, Ayadi B. Effect of BPC-157 on Symptoms in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis: A Pilot Study. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2024. ResearchGate ↗

    human pilot human (n=12) Alt Ther Health Med 2024
16. 16
    Lee E, Padgett B. Intra-Articular Injection of BPC-157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2021. PMID: 33609460. PubMed 33609460 ↗

    human pilot human (n=16) Alt Ther Health Med 2021
17. 17
    Vasireddi N, Hahamyan H, Salata MJ, et al. Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review. HSS Journal. 2025. DOI 10.1177/15563316251355551 ↗

    established multiple (review) HSS Journal 2025
18. 18
    Matek D, Matek I, Staresinic E, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as Therapy After Surgical Detachment of the Quadriceps Muscle from Its Attachments for Muscle-to-Bone Reattachment in Rats. Pharmaceutics. 2025;17(1):119. PMID: 39861766. PMC11768438 ↗

    preclinical only rat Pharmaceutics 2025
19. 19
    NCT02637284. Phase I Study of BPC-157 Peptide. ClinicalTrials.gov registration, 2015 — trial not completed. ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

    regulatory human (registered) ClinicalTrials.gov 2015
20. 20
    Jozwiak M, Bauer M, Kamysz W, Kleczkowska P. Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide — Literature and Patent Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025;18(2):185. PMC11859134 ↗

    established multiple (review) Pharmaceuticals 2025
21. 21
    Yuan C, Demers A, Silva-Ortiz V, et al. From Regeneration to Analgesia: The Role of BPC-157 in Tissue Repair and Pain Management. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2026;27(6):2876. PMID: 41898733. PubMed 41898733 ↗

    preclinical only multiple (review) Int J Mol Sci 2026